背景

• Read the fucking source code! --By 鲁迅
• A picture is worth a thousand words. --By 高尔基

说明：

1. Kernel版本：4.14
2. ARM64处理器，Contex-A53，双核
3. 使用工具：Source Insight 3.5， Visio

1. 概述

RMAP反向映射是一种物理地址反向映射虚拟地址的方法。

• 映射
  页表用于虚拟地址到物理地址映射，其中的PTE页表项记录了映射关系，同时struct page结构体中的mapcount字段保存了有多少PTE页表项映射了该物理页。

• 反向映射
  当某个物理地址要进行回收或迁移时，此时需要去找到有多少虚拟地址射在该物理地址，并断开映射处理。在没有反向映射的机制时，需要去遍历进程的页表，这个效率显然是很低下的。反向映射可以找到虚拟地址空间VMA，并仅从VMA使用的用户页表中取消映射，可以快速解决这个问题。

反向映射的典型应用场景：

1. kswapd进行页面回收时，需要断开所有映射了该匿名页面的PTE表项；
2. 页面迁移时，需要断开所有映射了该匿名页面的PTE表项；

2. 数据结构

反向映射有三个关键的结构体：

1. struct vm_area_struct，简称VMA;
   VMA我们在之前的文章中介绍过，用于描述进程地址空间中的一段区域。与反向映射相关的字段如下：

struct vm_area_struct {
...
/*
     * A file's MAP_PRIVATE vma can be in both i_mmap tree and anon_vma
     * list, after a COW of one of the file pages.  A MAP_SHARED vma
     * can only be in the i_mmap tree.  An anonymous MAP_PRIVATE, stack
     * or brk vma (with NULL file) can only be in an anon_vma list.
     */
    struct list_head anon_vma_chain; /* Serialized by mmap_sem &
                      * page_table_lock */
    struct anon_vma *anon_vma;  /* Serialized by page_table_lock */
...
}

1. struct anon_vma，简称AV;
   AV结构用于管理匿名类型VMAs，当有匿名页需要unmap处理时，可以先找到AV，然后再通过AV进行查找处理。结构如下：

/*
 * The anon_vma heads a list of private "related" vmas, to scan if
 * an anonymous page pointing to this anon_vma needs to be unmapped:
 * the vmas on the list will be related by forking, or by splitting.
 *
 * Since vmas come and go as they are split and merged (particularly
 * in mprotect), the mapping field of an anonymous page cannot point
 * directly to a vma: instead it points to an anon_vma, on whose list
 * the related vmas can be easily linked or unlinked.
 *
 * After unlinking the last vma on the list, we must garbage collect
 * the anon_vma object itself: we're guaranteed no page can be
 * pointing to this anon_vma once its vma list is empty.
 */
struct anon_vma {
    struct anon_vma *root;      /* Root of this anon_vma tree */
    struct rw_semaphore rwsem;  /* W: modification, R: walking the list */
    /*
     * The refcount is taken on an anon_vma when there is no
     * guarantee that the vma of page tables will exist for
     * the duration of the operation. A caller that takes
     * the reference is responsible for clearing up the
     * anon_vma if they are the last user on release
     */
    atomic_t refcount;

    /*
     * Count of child anon_vmas and VMAs which points to this anon_vma.
     *
     * This counter is used for making decision about reusing anon_vma
     * instead of forking new one. See comments in function anon_vma_clone.
     */
    unsigned degree;

    struct anon_vma *parent;    /* Parent of this anon_vma */

    /*
     * NOTE: the LSB of the rb_root.rb_node is set by
     * mm_take_all_locks() _after_ taking the above lock. So the
     * rb_root must only be read/written after taking the above lock
     * to be sure to see a valid next pointer. The LSB bit itself
     * is serialized by a system wide lock only visible to
     * mm_take_all_locks() (mm_all_locks_mutex).
     */

    /* Interval tree of private "related" vmas */
    struct rb_root_cached rb_root;
};

1. struct anon_vma_chain，简称AVC;
   AVC是连接VMA和AV之间的桥梁。

/*
 * The copy-on-write semantics of fork mean that an anon_vma
 * can become associated with multiple processes. Furthermore,
 * each child process will have its own anon_vma, where new
 * pages for that process are instantiated.
 *
 * This structure allows us to find the anon_vmas associated
 * with a VMA, or the VMAs associated with an anon_vma.
 * The "same_vma" list contains the anon_vma_chains linking
 * all the anon_vmas associated with this VMA.
 * The "rb" field indexes on an interval tree the anon_vma_chains
 * which link all the VMAs associated with this anon_vma.
 */
struct anon_vma_chain {
    struct vm_area_struct *vma;
    struct anon_vma *anon_vma;
    struct list_head same_vma;   /* locked by mmap_sem & page_table_lock */
    struct rb_node rb;          /* locked by anon_vma->rwsem */
    unsigned long rb_subtree_last;
#ifdef CONFIG_DEBUG_VM_RB
    unsigned long cached_vma_start, cached_vma_last;
#endif
};

来一张图就清晰明了了：

• 通过same_vma链表节点，将anon_vma_chain添加到vma->anon_vma_chain链表中；
• 通过rb红黑树节点，将anon_vma_chain添加到anon_vma->rb_root的红黑树中；

2. 流程分析

先看一下宏观的图：

• 地址空间VMA可以通过页表完成虚拟地址到物理地址的映射；
• 页框与page结构对应，page结构中的mapping字段指向anon_vma，从而可以通过RMAP机制去找到与之关联的VMA；

2.1 anon_vma_prepare

之前在page fault的文章中，提到过anon_vma_prepare函数，这个函数完成的工作就是为进程地址空间中的VMA准备struct anon_vma结构。

调用例程及函数流程如下图所示：

至于VMA，AV，AVC三者之间的关联关系，在上文的图中已经有所描述。

当创建了与VMA关联的AV后，还有关键的一步需要做完，才能算是真正的把RMAP通路打通，那就是让page与AV关联起来。只有这样才能通过page找到AV，进而找到VMA，从而完成对应的PTE unmap操作。

2.2 子进程创建anon_vma

父进程通过fork()来创建子进程，子进程会复制整个父进程的地址空间及页表。子进程拷贝了父进程的VMA数据结构内容，而子进程创建相应的anon_vma结构，是通过anon_vma_fork()函数来实现的。

anon_vma_fork()效果图如下：

以实际fork()两次为例，发生COW之后，看看三个进程的链接关系，如下图：

2.3 TTU（try to unmap）和Rmap Walk

如果有page被映射到多个虚拟地址，可以通过Rmap Walk机制来遍历所有的VMA，并最终调用回调函数来取消映射。

与之相关的结构体为struct rmap_walk_control，如下：

/*
 * rmap_walk_control: To control rmap traversing for specific needs
 *
 * arg: passed to rmap_one() and invalid_vma()
 * rmap_one: executed on each vma where page is mapped
 * done: for checking traversing termination condition
 * anon_lock: for getting anon_lock by optimized way rather than default
 * invalid_vma: for skipping uninterested vma
 */
struct rmap_walk_control {
    void *arg;
    /*
     * Return false if page table scanning in rmap_walk should be stopped.
     * Otherwise, return true.
     */
    bool (*rmap_one)(struct page *page, struct vm_area_struct *vma,
                    unsigned long addr, void *arg);
    int (*done)(struct page *page);
    struct anon_vma *(*anon_lock)(struct page *page);
    bool (*invalid_vma)(struct vm_area_struct *vma, void *arg);
};

取消映射的入口为try_to_unmap，流程如下图所示：

基本的套路就是围绕着struct rmap_walk_control结构，初始化回调函数，以便在适当的时候能调用到。

关于取消映射try_to_unmap_one的详细细节就不进一步深入了，把握好大体框架即可。